Serif Typeface: A slight projection finishing off a stroke of a letter in certain typefaces. (Google)
Sans Serif Typeface: A style of type without serifs. Without Serifs. (Google)
Display Typeface: Usually big and crazy letters. It is a typeface that is intended for use at large sizes for headings, rather than for extended passages of body text. (Wikipedia)
Script Typeface: Often used on computers to make the lettering seem more like handwriting and more traditional or authentic.
Decorative Typeface: Fonts with extreme features such as swashes or exaggerated serifs, and any fonts designed to be used at larger than body copy sizes can be described as decorative type. (Lifewire)
Header: This is what appears as the biggest word/words on a page to give a brief overview of a page/magazine/newspaper etc. Also called titles in other cases.
Sub-header: This is what appears at the top of each segment of an article to give a brief overview of that segment.
Body text: This is the main reading content which describes in detail the article and about who, what, where, when, why and how of the subject.
Tracking: This refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text. (Graphic Design)
Kerning: In typography, kerning is the process of adjusting the spacing between pairs of characters in a proportional manner this is usually to make it more appealing to the eye. (Wikipedia)
Leading: The distance between two baselines of lines of type. The word ‘leading‘ originates from the strips of lead hand-typesetters used to use to space out lines of text evenly. (indesignskills)